Words of transition, words of connection, logical connectors, transition devices, cohesive devices, linking words/devices, discourse markers ou connective adjuncts, são algumas das muitas expressões usadas para identificar este aspecto de grande relevância no estudo, não só do inglês, como de todas as línguas. São principalmente conjunções ou locuções conjuntivas, mas também advérbios, preposições, etc., que servem para estabelecer uma conexão lógica entre frases e elementos da ideia. Em português essas palavras são chamadas de articuladores ou palavras conectivas. O uso correto destas palavras confere solidez ao argumento e consequentemente elegância ao texto.
Vejam nas imagens abaixo uma representação da diferença entre um texto com ideias bem articuladas e um texto desconexo.
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| Well-connected text |
Writing clinics ou writing labs são departamentos nas universidades norte-americanas aos quais os estudantes podem recorrer para obter auxílio e orientação sobre como redigir corretamente seus trabalhos de pesquisa. Normalmente o primeiro e o mais frequentemente ponto abordado nessas clínicas de redação é o uso correto das palavras conectivas. Words of transition são de fundamental importância, uma vez que a beleza do inglês moderno está na clareza e na integridade lógica. As listas abaixo constituem-se numa ajuda decisiva para quem compõe textos em inglês ou em português, independente do nível de capacidade do redator. Os conectivos abaixo estão linkados a páginas com mais de 1200 exemplos no total.
Schütz, Ricardo. "Words of Connection (Conectivos)" English Made in Brazil <http://www.sk.com.br/sk-conn.html>. Online. 18 de dezembro de 2010.
Os conectivos, mais frequentemente usados, são:
| INTRODUÇÃO OPORTUNA DE NOVO ASSUNTO | CHANGE OF SUBJECT |
| COMENTÁRIO DE REFORÇO | REINFORCEMENT COMMENT |
| DECORRÊNCIA | RESULT, CONSEQUENCE |
| Levando isto em consideração, … / Por este motivo, ... / Por esta razão, … / Por isso … | With this in mind, … / For this reason … / That's why … |
| Desta forma, ... / Assim sendo (sendo assim), ... / Nesse sentido, ... | This way ... / In doing so ... |
| De maneira (forma) (modo) que … / Como consequência, ... | So that … / As a result, … |
| Diante do exposto, … / Frente a ... | In face of … / In view of … |
| CONCLUSÃO LÓGICA | INFERENCE, CONCLUSION |
| DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS ENTRE O PRESENTE E O FUTURO | PROJECTING THE PRESENT INTO THE FUTURE |
| DEMARCADORES DE PERÍODOS PASSADOS | SCANNING THE PAST INTO THE PRESENT |
| INDICADORES DE PERÍODOS PRESENTES | INDICATING PERIODS IN THE PRESENT |
| SIMULTANEIDADE | SIMULTANEITY |
| INDICADORES DE CIRCUNSTANCIALIDADE | DEFINING CIRCUMSTANCES |
| GENERALIZAÇÃO E REGULARIDADE | GENERALIZING |
| EVENTOS COINCIDENTES | COINCIDENTAL EVENTS |
| PROPORCIONALIDADE EM RELAÇÃO AO TEMPO | TIME RELATIONSHIP |
| INDICADORES DE DESTINATÁRIO | ADDRESSING |
| ENFRAQUECEDORES | WEAKENERS |
| Que eu saiba, … / Pelo que eu sei, … / Pelo que me consta, … | As far as I know, … / As far as I can tell, … / To my knowledge … / To the best of my knowledge, … |
| Se não me engano, … / Se eu não estiver enganado … / Se não me falha a memória, … | If I'm not wrong, … / If I remember well … |
| Na minha opinião, … | In my opinion, … / In my view … |
| POSICIONAMENTO | POSITION DEFINERS |
| EQUIVALÊNCIA, PARALELISMO | EQUIVALENCE, PARALLEL IDEAS |
| Enquanto que … / Ao passo que … / Já … | While … / Whereas … / By contrast … |
| Mas … / Entretanto, … / No entanto, … / Todavia, … / Porém, … / Contudo, … | But … / However, … / …, though. |
| Mesmo assim, … / Ainda assim, … | Even so … / Nevertheless, … / Nonetheless, … / Still, … |
| Apesar de (disso) … / Não obstante … | In spite of … / Despite … / Notwithstanding … |
| Embora … / Ainda que … / E isso que … | Although … / Even though … |
| Mesmo que … | Even if … |
| (Por um lado, ...) Por outro lado, … / Em compensação, … | (On (the) one hand, ...) On the other hand, … / Conversely … |
| Ao contrário de … | Unlike … |
| REITERANDO, DETALHANDO | REITERATING, GIVING DETAILS |
| EXEMPLIFICANDO | PROVIDING EXAMPLE |
| SINALIZAÇÃO DE LINGUAGEM METAFÓRICA | INDICATING METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE |
| LIMITAÇÃO DE APLICABILIDADE | APPLICABILITY LIMITATION |
| Não apenas …, mas (também) … / Não só … como (também) … / Tanto … como … | Not only …, but (also) … |
| Além disso, … / Ainda por cima, … / Além do mais … / Afora (isso), … | Besides (that), … / In addition to (that), … / On top of that, … / Moreover … / Apart from (that), … / Aside from (that), … |
| SUBSTITUIÇÃO | SUBSTITUTION |
| CONSEQUÊNCIA DA NÃO-OCORRÊNCIA DE UMA CONDIÇÃO | CONSEQUENCE OF NONFULFILLMENT |
| DESCONSIDERANDO | DISMISSAL |
| FINALIZAÇÃO, RESUMO | CLOSURE, SUMMARY |
Abaixo segue uma lista mais abrangente de palavras e locuções conectivas só do inglês, agrupadas por tipo de ligação que estabelecem. Esta lista facilita a localização rápida do conectivo que se procura, sendo útil especialmente para alunos avançados que possuem boa familiaridade com o inglês escrito:
| INTRODUCTION AND REFERENCE |
on the other hand
regarding
speaking of
to begin with
to start with
with regard to
|
as referred to
(at) first
by the way
changing the subject
concerning
| considering
first of all
in reference to
in the first place
initially |
| AGREEMENT |
in accordance with
in agreement
in conformity
|
according to
as per
|
| COMPARISON |
in comparison (with)
in the same way
similarly
|
comparing
likewise
|
| CONTRAST |
considering that
conversely
despite
even so
even though
for all that
for (my, his, ...) part
given that
however
|
in contrast
in (the) face of
in (the) light of
in spite of (that)
meanwhile
nevertheless
nonetheless
notwithstanding
on the other hand
|
still
then again
though
unlike
whereas
while
yet
|
after (all)
alternatively
although
as opposed to
at the same time
but
by contrast
by the same token
|
| EMPHASIS |
even more
in any event
indeed
in particular
least of all
let alone
mainly
more important(ly)
|
most important(ly)
most of all
naturally
particularly
positively
primarily
principally
specifically
|
the basic cause
the chief factor
the key point
unquestionably
valuable to note
without a doubt
|
above all
a key feature
a major concern
definitely
especially (not)
especially significant
|
| ADDITION |
both ... and
either ... or
equally important
further
furthermore
in addition (to)
indeed
jointly
|
last but not least
likewise
moreover
neither ... nor
next
not only ... but also
not to mention
not to speak of
|
on top of that
or
plus
similarly
together with
what's more
|
again
also
and (then)
as well as
at the same time
besides
|
ADDING A REMARK
|
in fact
on the contrary
the truth is
|
as a matter of fact
incidentally
|
| EXPLANATION OF CAUSE |
in view of
now that
on account of
since
that is because
|
as
as a result of
because (of)
|
due to
for
in order that
|
| RESULT |
for this reason
for which reason
hence
in short
so much (so) that
so that
|
such ... that
that is why
then
thereby
therefore
thus
|
accordingly
as a consequence
as a result
consequently
|
PURPOSE
|
in return for
so as to
so that
to
|
to the purpose of
to this end
with this in mind
with this purpose
|
in an effort to
in order that
in order to
|
| TIME RELATIONSHIP |
now
nowadays
presently
shortly (after)
simultaneously
since
so far
soon
temporarily
|
then
thereafter
throughout
thereupon
until
up until now
while
yet at the same time
|
after a while
afterward(s)
as time goes by
at last
at present
at this point
currently
|
from now on
henceforth
immediately
in the meantime
lately
later
meanwhile
|
| ORDERING |
second
secondly
third
following
next
|
then
later
after that
last
finally
|
first
firstly
first of all
in the first place
|
CIRCUMSTANCES
|
in my opinion
in terms of
in the midst of
on the part of
|
as a last resort
as a rule
from the standpoint of
|
| ADDRESSING INFORMATION |
for your information
to whom it may concern
|
ESTABLISHING A LIMIT
|
as far as I'm concerned
as far as I understand
as well as I know
for the time being
so far
|
as far as I can remember
as far as I can tell
as far as I know
|
CONDITION
|
if not
in case of
in case (that)
in the event of
|
in the event (that)
on condition that
only if
or (else)
|
otherwise
provided (that)
providing (that)
whether or not
|
as long as
even if
if
|
DISMISSAL
|
anyway
at any rate
|
in any case
whatever the case may be
|
EXCEPTION / EXCLUSION
|
apart from (that)
aside from
except for
|
not ... yet
other than that
unless
|
EXAMPLE
|
including
in particular
in this case
in this manner
|
namely
such as
take the case of
that is
|
the following example
to illustrate
|
for example
for instance
in another case
|
SUBSTITUTION / PREFERENCE
|
in place of
instead of
|
rather (than)
in exchange for
|
REITERATION / REFORMULATION
|
as I have said
I mean
in other words
more simply
|
or rather
that is
to put it another way
|
CONCLUSION
|
so
therefore
|
for this reason
|
GENERALIZING
|
by and large
essentially
for the most part
generally
|
generally speaking
in general
on the whole
overall
|
all in all
as a rule
basically
|
INTERMEDIATING
|
in doing so
this way
through (which)
|
by
by means of
|
CONCESSION
|
at the same time
granted that
I admit
|
it may appear that
naturally
of course
|
after all
although it is true that
although this may be true
|
EVIDENCE
|
indeed
it's no wonder
naturally
needless to say
|
obviously
of course
without question
without a doubt
|
as you (anyone) can see
certainly
evidently
|
CONCLUSION / SUMMARY
|
in short
in summary
last(ly)
on the whole
overall
|
therefore
to conclude
to summarize
to sum up
|
after all
all in all
all things considered
as we have seen
|
at last
finally
in brief
in conclusion
|
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